پاورپوینت پست مدرن شدن (pptx) 57 اسلاید
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تعداد اسلاید: 57 اسلاید
قسمتی از متن PowerPoint (.pptx) :
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY
Chapter 2
Why A History of OT?
Because it provides a basis for:
Understanding the current field
Understanding how and why the three perspectives emerged
Understanding the relationship between theory and practice
Avoiding reinventing the ‘theoretical wheel’
Organization Theory At Its Inception
Organization theory emerged as a recognizable field of study in the 1960s.
Two major sources of thought that formed the prehistory of organizational theory were Sociological and Managerial.
مراحل سه گانه صنعتی شدن
Modes of Reasoning
Inductive (استقرایى) developing theory from practice.
(interpretive epistemology)
Deductive (قیاسى) testing theory against practice.
(positivist epistemology)
Inductive reasoning (استقرا)
Inductive reasoning is probabilistic; it only states that, given the premises, the conclusion is probable.
A statistical syllogism is an example of inductive reasoning:
90% of humans are right-handed.
Joe is a human.
Therefore, the probability that Joe is right-handed is 90% (therefore, if we are required to guess we will choose "right-handed" in the absence of any other evidence).
As a stronger example:
100% of life forms that we know of depend on liquid water to exist. Therefore, if we discover a new life form it will probably depend on liquid water to exist.
deductive reasoning (قیاسى)
P→Q (conditional statement)
P (hypothesis stated)
Q (conclusion deduced)
In deductive reasoning, we can conclude Q from P by using the law of detachment. However, if the conclusion (Q) is given instead of the hypothesis (P) then there is no valid conclusion.
The following is an example of an argument using the law of detachment in the form of an if-then statement:
If an angle A>90°, then A is an obtuse angle.
A=120°
A is an obtuse angle.
Adam Smith, Political-Economist (1723-1790, Scottish)
Looked at techniques of pin manufacturing to illustrate how
the division of labor can produce economic efficiency.
Image from "The Warren J. Samuels Portrait Collection at Duke University
